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Maria Montessori was, in many ways, ahead of her time. Born in the town of Chiaravalle, in the province of Ancona, Italy, in 1870, she became the first female physician in Italy upon her graduation from medical school in 1896. Shortly afterwards, she was chosen to represent Italy at two different women's conferences, in Berlin in 1896 and in London in 1900 

从许多方面来讲，玛丽亚•蒙特梭利都是走在她所处的时代之前的。1870年，她出生在意大利安科纳省的一个小城Chiaravalle。1896年从医学院毕业后，她成为了意大利历史上第一位女性医师。之后不久，在1896年柏林和1900年伦敦召开的两次妇女大会上，蒙特梭利都被选为意大利的代表。 

In her medical practice, her clinical observations led her to analyze how children learn, and she concluded that they build themselves from what they find in their environment. Shifting her focus from the body to the mind, she returned to the university in 1901, this time to study psychology and philosophy. In 1904, she was made a professor of anthropology at the University of Rome. 

在医学实践中，她的临床观察结果使得开始分析儿童是如何学习的，并进而得出结论，儿童是通过他们从其自身周围环境中所发现的东西来学习和完善自身的。为了将研究重点从身体转向意识，1901年她返回了大学，这次研究的是心理学和哲学。1904年，她成为了罗马大学人类学教授。 

Her desire to help children was so strong, however, that in 1906 she gave up both her university chair and her medical practice to work with a group of sixty young children of working parents in the San Lorenzo district of Rome. It was there that she founded the first Casa dei Bambini, or "Children's House." What ultimately became the Montessori method of education developed there, based upon Montessori's scientific observations of these children's almost effortless ability to absorb knowledge from their surroundings, as well as their tireless interest in manipulating materials. Every piece of equipment, every exercise, every method Montessori developed was based on what she observed children to do "naturally," by themselves, unassisted by adults. 

她非常渴望能够帮助儿童，1906年，她放弃了大学的职位和她的医学实践活动，开始与罗马圣洛伦索区一群在职父母的60个孩子一起工作。在那里，她建立了第一个“儿童之家”，正是这个儿童之家最终产生了蒙特梭利教育方法，这种教育方法是基于蒙特梭利对这些儿童科学的观察结果，她发现他们具有几乎毫不费力地从他们所处的环境中吸取知识的能力，同时他们还对操作各种材料拥有不厌其烦的兴趣。蒙特梭利发明的每一种装置、每一项练习和每一种方法都是基于她观察到孩子们能够自主地、自然地所做的事情，而不需要成年人的帮助。 

Children teach themselves. This simple but profound truth inspired Montessori's lifelong pursuit of educational reform, methodology, psychology, teaching, and teacher training—all based on her dedication to furthering the self-creating process of the child. 

儿童能够自主学习。这个简单但却意义深远的事实激发了蒙特梭利一生的不懈追求，教育改革、方法论、心理学、教学以及教师培训，所有这些都是基于她深化了儿童自我创造过程的贡献。 

Maria Montessori made her first visit to the United States in 1913, the same year that Alexander Graham Bell and his wife Mabel founded the Montessori Educational Association at their Washington, DC, home. Among her other strong American supporters were Thomas Edison and Helen Keller。 

1913年，玛丽亚•蒙特梭利首次访问了美国，就在同一年，亚历山大•格雷厄姆•贝尔和他的妻子梅布尔在他们的家乡华盛顿特区成立了蒙特梭利教育协会。在她其他坚定的美国支持者中，有著名的托马斯•爱迪生和海伦•凯勒。 

In 1915, she attracted world attention with her "glass house" schoolroom exhibit at the Panama-Pacific International Exhibition in San Francisco. On this second U.S. visit, she also conducted a teacher training course and addressed the annual conventions of both the National Education Association and the International Kindergarten Union. The committee that brought her to San Francisco included Margaret Wilson, daughter of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson。 

1915年，在旧金山举行的巴拿马－太平洋国际展览会上，她的“玻璃房子”教室展品使她吸引了全世界的注意。这是她第二次访问美国，期间她还指导了一个教师培训课程，并在国家教育协会和国际幼儿园联合会的年会上都发表了演讲。邀请她来旧金山的委员会中有美国总统伍德罗•威尔逊的女儿玛格里特•威尔逊。 

The Spanish government invited her to open a research institute in 1917. In 1919, she began a series of teacher training courses in London. In 1922, she was appointed a government inspector of schools in her native Italy, but because of her opposition to Mussolini's fascism, she was forced to leave Italy in 1934. She traveled to Barcelona, Spain, and was rescued there by a British cruiser in 1936, during the Spanish Civil War. She opened the Montessori Training Centre in Laren, Netherlands, in 1938, and founded a series of teacher training courses in India in 1939. 

1917年，西班牙政府邀请她开办一所研究机构。1919年，她在伦敦开始了一系列的教师培训课程。1922年，她被委任为负责祖国意大利的学校的一名政府巡视员，但是由于她反对墨索里尼的法西斯主义政策，1934年被迫离开了意大利。她来到了西班牙巴塞罗那，1936年西班牙内战期间被一艘英国巡洋舰所救。1938年，她在荷兰拉伦开办了一所蒙特梭利培训中心，并于1939年在印度创办了一系列教师培训课程。 

In 1940, when India entered World War II, she and her son, Mario Montessori, were interned as enemy aliens, but she was still permitted to conduct training courses. Later, she founded the Montessori Center in London (1947). She was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize three times—in 1949, 1950, and 1951。 

1940年，印度卷入了第二次世界大战，她和她的儿子马里奥•蒙特梭利作为敌对国人员被捕，但是她仍被允许继续进行培训课程。后来，她于1947年在伦敦建立蒙特梭利中心。1949年、1950年和1951年，她三次获得诺贝尔和平奖提名。 

Maria Montessori died in Noordwijk, Holland, in 1952, but her work lives on through the Association Montessori Internationale (AMI), the organization she founded in Amsterdam, Netherlands, in 1929 to carry on her work。 

1952年，玛丽亚•蒙特梭利逝世于荷兰诺德惠克，但是她的事业通过1929年她在荷兰阿姆斯特丹成立的国际蒙特梭利协会一直持续传承了下来。